Written as Spoken

October features several notable dates related to African American literature, including the 90th anniversary of two landmark works: Zora Neale Hurston’s influential folklore collection Mules and Men and Langston Hughes’s powerful play Mulatto: A Tragedy of the Deep South. It’s also the anniversary of Toni Morrison being awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize for Literature. Each of these writers were skilled at conveying African American Vernacular English (AAVE) in their work. What is AAVE? Where did it originate? And why is it controversial? Read on.
What is African American English (AAE, AAVE)? How does AAE influence, and become appropriated by, slang? Explainer of AAE including interviews from Merriam-Webster African American English editor Diana Jones, Dr. Nicole Holliday (professor of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley), and Dr. Tracey Weldon (professor of Linguistics, University of South Carolina). (Code-switching, internet culture, sociophonetics, appropriation, race, culture, Black American English, TikTok, language)
Is AAVE a Language? The Debate Rages On
© 1961 Columbia Pictures Corporation
The More-Than-250-Year History of African American Literature
Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral by Phillis Wheatley, London, 1773

Toward Peace

As the Israel-Hamas War passed its two-year anniversary, a glimmer of hope has emerged that the bloody conflict, which has killed more than 65,000 Gazans, may soon come to an end. Here’s a look at the plan on the table.

International convergence

In late September—as nearly a dozen countries, including France, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, extended formal recognition of Palestinian statehood—U.S. Pres. Donald Trump announced a comprehensive plan to end the war, with backing from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and several international actors, including Qatar, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia.

What’s in the plan?

The key provisions of the plan include an immediate end to the war and resumption of aid to the Gaza Strip; the release of all hostages within 72 hours; gradual withdrawal of Israeli forces in favor of an international stabilization force; amnesty to Hamas members who decommission their weapons and safe passage to those who seek to leave the Gaza Strip; and a potential path for Palestinian statehood through Israeli-Palestinian dialogue.

Initial phases

Israel and Hamas have agreed to carry out the initial steps of the U.S. peace plan. Hamas said that it would release the remaining living 20 Israeli hostages (and 28 bodies of deceased hostages). Israel agreed in exchange to release almost 2,000 Palestinian prisoners (1,700 detainees and 250 sentenced prisoners) and agreed to withdraw its forces from about half of the Gaza Strip.

Messages are left on a wall showing the portraits of Israeli hostages held by Palestinian Hamas gunmen since the October 7 attack into Israel, during a rally calling for their release in the Israeli coastal city of Tel Aviv, on October 28, 2023, amid the ongoing battles between Israel and the Palestinian group Hamas. The families of the more than 220 hostages Israeli hostages held by Hamas demanded on October 28, for an immediate government explanation about their fate after the army's intensified strikes. The Hostages and Missing Families Forum, which represents some 229 people believed abducted by Hamas, said the war cabinet had failed to explain to relatives whether the ground operation endangered the captives' well-being. (Hamas Israel conflict)
© Jack Guez—AFP/Getty Images
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